Investigating the Effectiveness of the Self-Esteem Educational Package in Elementary School Students

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Azad University, Tehran M. Sc

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the self-esteem educational package in elementary school students. For this purpose, through the available sampling method, 16 out of 43 students in grade three were selected three according to the inclusion criteria. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups and subjected to the Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale. The subject group of the study, in addition to their usual training, was trained twice a week in their self-esteem program, which was prepared by the author and its validity was confirmed by the experts. The control group followed their usual training and after eight sessions of training to the subject group, the mentioned tests were taken again from the two groups and the data were analyzed by the covariance analysis method. The 20th edition of SPSS software and one-way analysis of covariance test were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that, compared to the control group, the subjects’ scores in the self-esteem variable had increased significantly (P<0.05). As a whole, the findings indicated that the application of the self-esteem training program on elementary school students could result in an increase in self-esteem.

Keywords


1. آقاجانی، سیف ا.؛ فرهاد خرمایی ؛ سعید رجبی و زهرا رستم اوغلی خیاوی (1391)، «ارتباط حرمت‌ خود و خودکارآمدی با اضطراب ریاضی دانش‌آموزان»، مجله روان‌شناسی مدرسه، شماره 3، ص25.
2. برخوری، حمید؛ ژاله رفاهی و کیومرث فرحبخش (۱۳۸۹)، «اثربخشی آموزش مهارت‌های مثبت اندیشی به شیوه گروهی بر انگیزه پیشرفت، عزت نفس و شاد کامی دانش آموزان پسر پایه اول»، ماهنامه رهیافتی نو در مدیریت آموزشی، ۲ (۵)، ص۱۳۱−۱۴۴.
3. جانبزرگی، مسعود؛ ناهید نوری و مژگان آگاه هریسی (139۳)، آموزش اخلاق، رفتار اجتماعی و قانون‌پذیری به کودکان، تهران: انتشارات ارجمند.
4. دانش؛ عصمت؛ رضابخش؛ بهمنی و سلیمی نیا (2012)، «رابطۀ بین شیوه‌های فرزندپروری با عزت نفس جنسی و مؤلفه‌های آن در دانشجویان زن دانشگاه»، فصلنامه روان‌شناسی کاربردی، 5(4).‎
5. فرقانی طرقی، ام البنین؛ مریم جوانبخت؛ محمدحسین بیاضی؛ علی صاحبی؛ شعیب وحیدی و خدیجه دروگر (1391)، «مقایسه اثربخشی آموزش گروهی شناختی رفتاری و واقعیت‌درمانی بر عزت نفس دانش‌آموزان دبیرستانی»،‎ اصول بهداشت روانی، 14(2)، ص172−180.
6. Bauman, SH. & Ezell, D. (2012), The importance of self−esteem in learning and behavior in children with exceptionalities and the role magic tricks may play in improving self−esteem and in motivating learning. University of Central Florida
7. Branden, N. (2021), The power of self−esteem. Health Communications, Inc.
8. Brinkmann, S. (2010), Psychology as a moral science: Perspectives on normativity. Springer Science & Business Media.
9. Coopersmith, S (1990), Manual of self−esteem Inventory. Consulting psychology, Press, INC.
10. Fanaj, N., Melonashi, E. & Shkëmbi, F. (2014), Self−esteem, and Hopelessness as Predictors of Emotional Difficulties: A Cross−sectional Study among Adolescents in Kosovo CPSYC 2nd International Congress on Clinical & Counselling Psychology 2014.
11. Guindon, M. H. (2009), Self−esteem across the Lifespan: Issues and Interventions, Taylor & Francis, ISBN: 1135841918, 9781135841911
12. Kim, Y., & Sundar, S. S. (2012), Visualizing ideal self vs. actual self through avatars: Impact on preventive health outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(4), 1356−1364.
13. Krauss, S., Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2020), Family environment and self−esteem development: A longitudinal study from age 10 to 16. Journal of personality and social psychology, 119(2), 457.
14. Lai, H. R., Lu, C. M., Jwo, J. C., Lee, P. H., Chou, W. L., & Wen, W. Y. (2009), The effects of a self−esteem program incorporated into health and physical education classes. Journal of Nursing Research, 17(4), 233−240.
15. Linardon, J., Kothe, E. J., & Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M. (2019), Efficacy of psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa and binge‐eating disorder on self‐esteem improvement: Meta‐analysis. European Eating Disorders Review, 27(2), 109−123.
16. MacDonald, T. K., & Martineau, A. M. (2002), Self−esteem, mood, and intentions to use condoms: When does low self−esteem lead to risky health behaviors?. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(3), 299−306.
17. Marshall, S. L, Parker, P. D, Ciarrochi, J. Sahdra, B., Chris J., Heaven. P.(2015), Self−compassion protects against the negative effects of low self−esteem: A longitudinal study in a large adolescent sample, Personality and Individual Differences, Volume 74, February 2015, Pages 116–121
18. Meškauskienė, A. (2013), Schoolchild's self−esteem as a factor influencing motivation to learn. Procedia−Social and Behavioral Sciences, 83, 900−904.
19. Moksnes, U. K., & Reidunsdatter, R. J. (2019), Self−esteem and mental health in adolescents–level and stability during a school year. Norsk Epidemiologi, 28(1−2).
20. Monto, M. Zgourides, G. & Harris, R. (2014), Empathy, Self−Esteem, and the Adolescent Sexual Offender, Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, Volume 10, Number 2, 127−140.
21. Park, K., and Park, H. (2015), Effects of Self−esteem Improvement Program on Self−esteem and Peer Attachment in Elementary School Children with Observed Problematic Behaviors. Asian Nursing Research, (9). 53−59.
22. Post, P. (1999), Impact of child−centered play therapy on the self−esteem, locus of control, and anxiety of at−risk 4th, 5th, and 6th grade students. International Journal of Play Therapy, 8(2), 1.
23. Rosenberg, M. (1979), Conceiving the self. New York: basic Books.
24. Salovey, P, Stroud, L R, Woolery, A and Epel, E S (2002). “Perceived emotional intelligence, stress reactivity, and symptom reports”, Psychology and Health, vol. 17 no.5, pp.611–627.
25. Sungur, G. (2015), The Effect of Online Self−Esteem and Awareness Training Program on University Students. Procedia−Social and Behavioral Sciences, 197, 476−481.
26. Tafarodi, R. W. & Sawan, W. B. (2003), Two dimensional self−esteem: theory and measurement. Personality and Individual Differences; 31: 653−73.