بررسی مؤلفه شهید و شهادت در اشعار سروده شده برای کودکان و نوجوانان بین سال‌های 1357-1395

Introduction: Literature, throughout the history of any nation, can reflect truths, events, occurrences, joys, sorrows, and undeniable epics. When it receives the special attention of the literati and intellectuals of its time, it gains distinctive features in other eras. In literature, the writer uses words, events, occurrences, and emotions to convey the essence of the message to the audience through desired methods and tools. Iran, a country with an ancient history, has undergone numerous transformations, including the eight-year Sacred Defense epic. The imposed war or Sacred Defense, which occurred after the Islamic Revolution, left deep impacts on all layers of Iranian life due to its relatively long duration. Consequently, it influenced Iranian literature to the extent that a specific genre called “Sacred Defense Literature” emerged. Thus, the issues of Sacred Defense were prominently reflected in our contemporary literature, including poetry and prose. The genre of poetry, especially poetry for children and adolescents, due to its unique characteristics compared to other cultural and artistic genres, has absorbed the most influence and impact from the tumultuous moments of the revolution and war. It has provided a suitable reference for future generations to examine and analyze how a culture, known as Sacred Defense, was formed and how it impacted on children and adolescents. Today, our writers and poets have tried to explain and value it through fictional literature and poetry. One of the methods used to address martyrs is thematic narratives, with numerous works in this field in poetry observed. Therefore, this study aims to examine the themes of martyrdom in the poems for children and adolescents published between 1979 and 2016.
Research Methodology: This study is an applied study conducted using content analysis. Fred N. Kerlinger defines content analysis as a method for studying and analyzing communications systematically, objectively, and quantitatively to measure variables. In this method, the researcher analyzes the produced messages to find answers to his research questions (Khanifar & Moslemi, 2018, Vol. 1, p. 79). Initially, the use of this method was limited to analyzing texts where the repetition of identified words would be examined. Today, content analysis has evolved into a scientific method, promising the fruition of inferences primarily derived from symbolic verbal data and communications, encompassing fundamental topics in psychology, sociology, educational sciences, communications, politics, etc.
The statistical population of this study includes all poetry books published for children and adolescents. To identify these poetry books, information on all poetry books for children and adolescents, published between 1979 and 2016, was obtained from the Iran Book and Literature House, totaling 108 titles^[1]. As The statistical population of this study was limited, all titles were analyzed, and sampling was avoided. To collect the necessary data, including bibliographic information on the identified poems and the discussed themes, a checklist was prepared and completed for each poem. The collected data were entered into Excel, and statistical analysis was performed on the provided information. The findings were presented in tables and charts.
Findings: In response to the first research question, “What has been the status of the publication of Sacred Defense poems written for children and adolescents about martyr and martyrdom between 1979 and 2016?”, the data from Chart 1 is presented.
 
[1]. According to the regulations governing the publishing industry in Iran, all published works must obtain an ISBN from the Iran Book and Literature House. When an ISBN is assigned to a book, its bibliographic information is entered into the Iran Book and Literature House database, making it the most comprehensive database in the country’s publishing sector.
Chart 1: publication of poems for children and adolescents from 1997 to 2012

The number of works in the form of poetry for children about Sacred Defense, focusing on martyr and martyrdom, has varied significantly over the years. The highest number of works, 25, was published in 2009, while the lowest number, 1, was published in 1990.
In response to the second research question, “How has the participation of men and women in composing Sacred Defense poems for children and adolescents, focusing on martyr and martyrdom, been between 1979 and 2016?” the data in Table 1 is provided.

Table 1: Frequency distribution of works based on the gender of their creators
In this study, a total of 40 creators (37.1%) were women, and 68 creators (62.9%) were men.
In response to the third research question, “How has the participation of different provinces in the country in publishing Sacred Defense poems for children and adolescents, focusing on martyr and martyrdom, been between 1979 and 2016?” the data in Table 2 is provided.

In this study, most of the works reviewed were published in Tehran, Qom, and Mashhad. Tehran accounted for 30.7% of the total works reviewed in this study. The works published in Qom and Mashhad each accounted for 22.3% of the total works published. Works published in other cities (Yazd, Isfahan, Kerman, Arak, Bojnord, Karaj, Ardabil, Bushehr, Rasht, Semnan, Sisakht, Shahrekord, Fars, Qazvin, and Kermanshah) accounted for one work (0.9%).
In response to the fourth research question, “What themes are covered in the Sacred Defense poems published for children and adolescents, focusing on martyr and martyrdom?” the data in Table 3 is provided.

Table 3: Frequency distribution of poems based on their themes
According to table 3, the highest frequency is related to the “about of martyr and martyrdom,” with 55 poems. The themes of “terror” and “martyrs' will” are considered in two poems (the lowest frequency).
Discussion and Conclusion
In response to the first research question, “What has been the status of the publication of Sacred Defense poems written for children and adolescents on the topic of martyr and martyrdom during the years from 1979 to 1989?”, it was found that the number of works published in the form of poems for children and adolescents has varied significantly over the years. It seems that from 1979 to 1989, the publication of poems for children and adolescents on the topic of Sacred Defense was very limited, or the books that specifically included Sacred Defense poems for children and adolescents were dispersed among other poems, making it difficult for researchers to identify them. Additionally, from 1990 to 2016, the creation of these poems resulted in a better formation, with a notable increase in book publications from 2007 onwards, reaching a peak of 25 works in 2009. However, there was a sharp decline to 3 works in 2010, followed by moderate fluctuations in publication growth until 2015, and then there was an increase to 14 works.
After the war, from 1989 onwards, organizations and institutions such as the Office of Literature and Sacrifice and Resistance of the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs and the Garden of the Museum of the Sacred Defense were established. They began to specialize in the literature for children and adolescents. In response to the second research question, “What has been the level of participation of men and women in the Sacred Defense poems written for children and adolescents on the topic of martyr and martyrdom?” the bibliographic analysis of the published poems showed that out of a total of 181 titles, the creators of the works were 68 men (62.9%) and 40 women (37.1%). The data indicates that male poets' participation rate was higher than female poets because women had a less prominent presence in the production of Sacred Defense poetry.
In response to the third research question, “What has been the level of participation of different provinces in the country in the publication of Sacred Defense poems for children and adolescents on the topic of martyr and martyrdom during the years of this study?” the findings show that 18 cities participated in the distribution of publishers and the publication of the books for children and adolescents on the topic of Sacred Defense. Tehran, with 33 works (30.7%), Qom and Mashhad, each with 24 works (22.3%), were the most prominent. Other cities such as Yazd, Isfahan, Kerman, Arak, Bojnord, Karaj, Ardabil, Bushehr, Rasht, Semnan, Sisakht, Shahrekord, Fars, Qazvin, and Kermanshah accounted for less than 6% of the publications. In fact, most publishers were concentrated in major provinces, while other provinces played a minor or no role in producing the works. Tehran, being a metropolis, had the highest percentage of publications, and the cities of Qom and Mashhad, due to the sensitivity of the Sacred Defense topic for children and adolescents and their religious nature, made conscious efforts in distribution.
Conclusion
The findings of this study showed that poets have tried to create role models for children and adolescents in this field, as many poems have been written on this subject. However, despite the clarity and simplicity of the poems, they have not been so successful in conveying concepts and processing the topic of martyrdom, as the poems seem very superficial and have not delved deeply into the issue.